SarkariRise
Read in English
…
Learn / CTET PAPER II / language-ii-english / grammar

CTET Paper II English Grammar: काल, वाच्य और कथन (Tenses, Voice & Speech)

intermediate 22 min read

अवधारणा

देखो — CTET Paper II में English Grammar के प्रश्न तीन मुख्य धुरियों पर घूमते हैं: काल (Tenses), वाच्य (Voice), और कथन (Speech)। इनमें से Tenses और Voice मिलकर सबसे ज़्यादा प्रश्न खींचते हैं, इसलिए इन्हीं पर पूरा ध्यान लगाओ।

काल (Tense) वह व्याकरणिक श्रेणी है जो बताती है कि कोई क्रिया कब हुई — अभी, पहले, या आगे। English में तीन मुख्य काल होते हैं (Present, Past, Future) और हर एक के चार उपभेद (Simple, Continuous, Perfect, Perfect Continuous) — यानी कुल 12 Tenses।

वाच्य (Voice) बताता है कि वाक्य में कर्ता (subject) क्रिया करता है (Active) या क्रिया उस पर होती है (Passive)। मान लो एक रसोइया खाना बना रहा है — "The chef cooked the meal" (Active) vs "The meal was cooked by the chef" (Passive)। दोनों वाक्य एक ही घटना बताते हैं, बस focus अलग है।

कथन (Speech) — जब हम किसी के शब्द ज्यों-के-त्यों quote करते हैं तो Direct Speech होती है, और जब उन्हें अपने शब्दों में कहते हैं तो Indirect Speech होती है। CTET में Speech के प्रश्न कम आते हैं, लेकिन Tense backshift का नियम Voice के साथ जुड़कर tricky बन जाता है।

एक analogy: Tense वाक्य की "timeline" है, Voice उसका "perspective" है, और Speech उसकी "reporting layer" है। परीक्षा में तुम्हें ये तीनों एक साथ देखने होते हैं — "यह वाक्य किस Tense में है, और इसका Passive क्या होगा?"

गहन विश्लेषण

भाग 1: काल की संरचनाएँ — पहचान और प्रयोग

CTET के प्रश्नों में सबसे पहले Tense पहचानना पड़ता है। इसके लिए helping verb की संरचना याद रखो:

| Tense | Structure | Signal Words | |---|---|---| | Simple Present | V1 / V1+s | always, usually, every day | | Present Continuous | is/am/are + V-ing | now, at the moment, currently | | Present Perfect | has/have + V3 | just, already, ever, never, yet | | Present Perfect Continuous | has/have been + V-ing | since, for (with present reference) | | Simple Past | V2 | yesterday, ago, last year | | Past Continuous | was/were + V-ing | at 5 PM yesterday, while | | Past Perfect | had + V3 | before, by the time, after | | Past Perfect Continuous | had been + V-ing | for two hours before (past event) | | Simple Future | will + V1 | tomorrow, next week | | Future Continuous | will be + V-ing | at this time tomorrow | | Future Perfect | will have + V3 | by March, by the time | | Future Perfect Continuous | will have been + V-ing | for + duration + by future time |

परीक्षा की चाल: "By the time you arrive, I will have been waiting for two hours" — यहाँ will have been + V-ing = Future Perfect Continuous। गलती तब होती है जब candidates will have देखकर Future Perfect मान लेते हैं और -ing को नज़रअंदाज़ कर देते हैं।

भाग 2: Active से Passive — Tense-wise नियम

Passive बनाने का universal formula है:

Passive=Appropriate form of be+V3 (Past Participle)\text{Passive} = \text{Appropriate form of } \textbf{be} + \text{V3 (Past Participle)}

लेकिन "appropriate form of be" हर Tense में बदलती है:

| Active Tense | Active Form | Passive Form | |---|---|---| | Simple Present | V1/V1+s | is/am/are + V3 | | Present Continuous | is/am/are + V-ing | is/am/are + being + V3 | | Present Perfect | has/have + V3 | has/have + been + V3 | | Simple Past | V2 | was/were + V3 | | Past Continuous | was/were + V-ing | was/were + being + V3 | | Past Perfect | had + V3 | had + been + V3 | | Simple Future | will + V1 | will + be + V3 | | Future Perfect | will have + V3 | will have + been + V3 |

Critical pattern: Continuous Tenses में Passive बनाते समय being आता है। Perfect Tenses में been आता है। यह अंतर CTET में बार-बार test होता है।

Subject-Object swap:

उदाहरण:

भाग 3: Past Continuous का Passive — सबसे ज़्यादा गड़बड़ी यहाँ

was/were + V-ing (Past Continuous) का Passive = was/were + being + V3

गलत choice: "was discussed" = Simple Past Passive — Tense बदल गया, यह गलत है।

भाग 4: Direct और Indirect Speech के Tense Backshift नियम

जब Reporting Verb Past में हो (said, told), तो Reported Speech में Tense एक पीढ़ी पीछे जाता है:

| Direct Speech Tense | Indirect Speech Tense | |---|---| | Simple Present → | Simple Past | | Present Continuous → | Past Continuous | | Present Perfect → | Past Perfect | | Simple Past → | Past Perfect | | will → | would | | can → | could | | may → | might |

Pronoun changes: "I" → he/she, "we" → they, "my" → his/her, "you" → he/she/they (context के अनुसार)

Time/Place references:

शॉर्टकट और युक्तियाँ

patternHelping Verb Scanner

जब भी Tense पहचानना हो, सीधे helping verb को scan करो। नियम: अगर had been + V-ing दिखे → Past Perfect Continuous; अगर will have been + V-ing दिखे → Future Perfect Continuous। -ing की उपस्थिति Perfect को Perfect Continuous बना देती है। Standard method: पूरा वाक्य पढ़ो, signal words ढूँढो = 30 seconds। Shortcut: सिर्फ़ helping verb cluster पकड़ो = 8 seconds।

patternBEEN = Perfect, BEING = Continuous

Passive Voice में been और being को confuse मत करो। Rule: Perfect Tenses में been आता है (has been, had been, will have been)। Continuous Tenses में being आता है (is being, was being, were being)। Micro-example: "was being discussed" = Past Continuous Passive (being = continuous signal)। "was discussed" = Simple Past Passive। यह एक शब्द का अंतर 30-40% Passive questions solve कर देता है। Step count: without trick = 4 steps; with trick = 1 step (check been/being)।

eliminationअनिश्चित Agent Rule

जब Active में subject someone, they, people, one हो, Passive में by + agent हटा दो। Options में से जो by someone रखे — वह गलत। "Someone has stolen my wallet" का Passive = "My wallet has been stolen." (without 'by someone') — यह rule अकेले दो options eliminate कर देता है। Standard approach: सभी options check करो = 45 seconds। This trick: by-phrase वाले options तुरंत eliminate = 10 seconds।

patternPassive का Tense = Active का Tense

Passive बनाते समय Tense कभी नहीं बदलता। अगर Active Simple Past में है, Passive भी Simple Past में होगी। यह rule बहुत obvious लगता है लेकिन distractor options हमेशा Tense बदल कर रखे जाते हैं। "Was sung" = Simple Past Passive → Active = "sang" (Simple Past)। Options में "have sung" (Present Perfect) या "were singing" (Past Continuous) दिखें — तुरंत eliminate। Step saved: 2-3 wrong options instantly ruled out।

patternBy the time = Perfect का signal

"By + future time" phrase दिखे → Future Perfect या Future Perfect Continuous। "By the time" दिखे + कोई भविष्य की reference → Perfect family। अगर इसके साथ for + duration भी हो → Continuous। "By March, the report will have been submitted" = Future Perfect Passive। "By the time you arrive, I will have been waiting for two hours" = Future Perfect Continuous (क्योंकि for two hours = duration + continuous action)। यह pattern 80% "By the time" questions solve करता है।

तेज़-समाधान रूपरेखा

परीक्षा हॉल में इस decision tree को follow करो:

Step 1 — प्रश्न का type पहचानो:

Step 2 — Tense identification के लिए: had been + V-ing → Past Perfect Continuous will have been + V-ing → Future Perfect Continuous will have + V3 (बिना -ing) → Future Perfect was/were + V-ing → Past Continuous

Step 3 — Passive conversion के लिए: Active Tense नोट करो → Passive formula apply करो → Subject-Object swap करो → Agent check करो (अनिश्चित है तो हटाओ)

Step 4 — Options में eliminate करो:

हर Grammar प्रश्न इस framework से 25-30 seconds में solve होना चाहिए।

हल किए गए PYQs

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Future Perfect Active से Passive conversion — CTET में यह combination सबसे tricky माना जाता है क्योंकि candidates will have के बाद been जोड़ना भूल जाते हैं।

समाधान का रास्ता: Active = will have + V3 (Future Perfect)। Passive formula: will have + been + V3। Object "the project" → Subject। "will be completed" = Future Simple Passive (गलत Tense)। सही answer = "will have been completed"।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Choose the correct passive voice of: 'The committee will have completed the project by March.'
निम्नलिखित वाक्य का सही Passive Voice चुनें: 'The committee will have completed the project by March.'
  1. The project will be completed by the committee by March.
  2. The project has been completed by the committee by March.
  3. The project will have been completed by the committee by March.
  4. The project would have been completed by the committee by March.
  1. The project will be completed by the committee by March.
  2. The project has been completed by the committee by March.
  3. The project will have been completed by the committee by March.
  4. The project would have been completed by the committee by March.
Solutionसमाधान
The active sentence is in Future Perfect tense ('will have + past participle'). In passive voice, Future Perfect becomes 'will have been + past participle'. The object 'the project' becomes the subject. 'will be completed' (Future Simple passive) is incorrect here.
Active वाक्य Future Perfect Tense में है ('will have + past participle')। Passive Voice में Future Perfect 'will have been + past participle' बन जाता है। Object 'the project' subject बन जाता है। 'will be completed' Future Simple Passive है, जो यहाँ गलत है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: will have been + V-ing structure — Future Perfect Continuous की पहचान। यह सबसे कम देखा जाने वाला Tense है इसलिए candidates अक्सर will have देखकर Future Perfect मान लेते हैं।

समाधान का रास्ता: will have been waiting में -ing है → Perfect Continuous family। Future reference है → Future Perfect Continuous। "Future Perfect" distractor इसीलिए रखा है क्योंकि will have दिखता है।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Identify the tense in the sentence: 'By the time you arrive, I will have been waiting for two hours.'
वाक्य में प्रयुक्त Tense पहचानें: 'By the time you arrive, I will have been waiting for two hours.'
  1. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
  2. Future Perfect Tense
  3. Future Continuous Tense
  4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  1. Future Perfect Continuous Tense
  2. Future Perfect Tense
  3. Future Continuous Tense
  4. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Solutionसमाधान
The structure 'will have been + verb-ing' (will have been waiting) indicates Future Perfect Continuous Tense, which expresses an ongoing action that will be completed up to a certain point in the future. Future Perfect uses 'will have + past participle' without '-ing'.
'will have been + verb-ing' (will have been waiting) की संरचना Future Perfect Continuous Tense को दर्शाती है, जो भविष्य में एक निश्चित समय तक जारी रहने वाली क्रिया को व्यक्त करती है। Future Perfect में 'will have + past participle' होता है, '-ing' नहीं।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Present Perfect Passive + अनिश्चित agent rule — दो नियम एक साथ test हो रहे हैं।

समाधान का रास्ता: Active = Present Perfect (has stolen)। Passive = has been stolen। Subject = someone (अनिश्चित) → by someone हटाओ। "Is stolen" = Simple Present Passive, "was stolen" = Simple Past Passive, "had been stolen" = Past Perfect Passive — तीनों गलत Tense।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Choose the correct passive voice of: 'Someone has stolen my bicycle.'
निम्नलिखित वाक्य का सही Passive Voice चुनें: 'Someone has stolen my bicycle.'
  1. My bicycle has been stolen.
  2. My bicycle is stolen by someone.
  3. My bicycle was stolen by someone.
  4. My bicycle had been stolen.
  1. My bicycle has been stolen.
  2. My bicycle is stolen by someone.
  3. My bicycle was stolen by someone.
  4. My bicycle had been stolen.
Solutionसमाधान
The active sentence is in Present Perfect tense. Passive of Present Perfect = 'has/have been + past participle'. When the agent is an indefinite pronoun like 'someone', it is omitted in the passive. 'Was stolen' is Simple Past passive; 'had been stolen' is Past Perfect passive.
Active वाक्य Present Perfect Tense में है। Present Perfect का Passive = 'has/have been + past participle'। जब कर्ता 'someone' जैसा अनिश्चित सर्वनाम हो, तो Passive में उसे छोड़ दिया जाता है। 'Was stolen' Simple Past Passive है; 'had been stolen' Past Perfect Passive है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Present Continuous की पहचान — is/are + V-ing structure का straightforward test, लेकिन distractor options carefully रखे गए हैं।

समाधान का रास्ता: are conducting = are + V-ing → Present Continuous। "Simple Present" distractor: Simple Present में conduct आता। "Present Perfect Continuous" distractor: उसमें have been + V-ing होता। are + V-ing = Present Continuous, इसमें कोई doubt नहीं।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Identify the tense in: 'The scientists are conducting experiments on the new vaccine.'
वाक्य में प्रयुक्त Tense पहचानें: 'The scientists are conducting experiments on the new vaccine.'
  1. Past Continuous Tense
  2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  3. Simple Present Tense
  4. Present Continuous Tense
  1. Past Continuous Tense
  2. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  3. Simple Present Tense
  4. Present Continuous Tense
Solutionसमाधान
The structure 'is/are + verb-ing' (are conducting) marks Present Continuous Tense, indicating an action happening at or around the time of speaking. Simple Present would use 'conduct'. Present Perfect Continuous uses 'have been + verb-ing'. Past Continuous uses 'was/were + verb-ing'.
'is/are + verb-ing' (are conducting) की संरचना Present Continuous Tense को दर्शाती है, जो बोलने के समय या उसके आसपास हो रही क्रिया को व्यक्त करती है। Simple Present में 'conduct' आता। Present Perfect Continuous में 'have been + verb-ing' होता। Past Continuous में 'was/were + verb-ing' होता।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Passive to Active conversion — was + V3 (Simple Past Passive) से Simple Past Active तक जाना।

समाधान का रास्ता: Passive में was sung = Simple Past Passive। Active Tense = Simple Past। Active Subject = "all the students"। Active verb = sang (Simple Past of sing)। "Sing" = Simple Present (गलत), "were singing" = Past Continuous (गलत), "have sung" = Present Perfect (गलत)।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Choose the sentence that is correctly transformed into Active Voice from: 'The national anthem was sung by all the students.'
निम्नलिखित Passive Voice वाक्य का सही Active Voice चुनें: 'The national anthem was sung by all the students.'
  1. All the students sing the national anthem.
  2. All the students were singing the national anthem.
  3. All the students sang the national anthem.
  4. All the students have sung the national anthem.
  1. All the students sing the national anthem.
  2. All the students were singing the national anthem.
  3. All the students sang the national anthem.
  4. All the students have sung the national anthem.
Solutionसमाधान
The passive sentence uses 'was sung' which is Simple Past passive ('was/were + past participle'). The corresponding active form is Simple Past: 'All the students sang the national anthem.' 'Have sung' is Present Perfect; 'were singing' is Past Continuous; 'sing' is Simple Present — none match Simple Past.
Passive वाक्य में 'was sung' Simple Past Passive है ('was/were + past participle')। इसका Active रूप Simple Past होगा: 'All the students sang the national anthem.' 'Have sung' Present Perfect है; 'were singing' Past Continuous है; 'sing' Simple Present है — इनमें से कोई भी Simple Past से मेल नहीं खाता।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Past Perfect Continuous — had been + V-ing structure, जो Past Continuous और Past Perfect दोनों से अलग है।

समाधान का रास्ता: had been waiting में had been + V-ing = Past Perfect Continuous। Reference point = ambulance arrived (past event)। Duration = two hours। यह combination Past Perfect Continuous की defining characteristic है।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Identify the tense in the sentence: 'By the time the ambulance arrived, the patient had been waiting for two hours.'
वाक्य में प्रयुक्त Tense पहचानें: 'By the time the ambulance arrived, the patient had been waiting for two hours.'
  1. Past Continuous Tense
  2. Past Perfect Tense
  3. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
  1. Past Continuous Tense
  2. Past Perfect Tense
  3. Present Perfect Continuous Tense
  4. Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Solutionसमाधान
The structure 'had been + verb-ing' (had been waiting) indicates Past Perfect Continuous Tense. It shows an action that was ongoing for a specified duration before another past action (the ambulance arriving) occurred.
'had been + verb-ing' (had been waiting) की संरचना Past Perfect Continuous Tense को दर्शाती है। यह किसी अन्य भूतकालीन घटना (ambulance का आना) से पहले एक निश्चित अवधि तक चलने वाली क्रिया को व्यक्त करता है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Present Perfect Passive + अनिश्चित agent — यह pattern PYQ id 6a2c13348019520d6645da22 से मिलता-जुलता है, जिससे confirm होता है कि यह CTET का favorite question type है।

समाधान का रास्ता: Active = has stolen (Present Perfect)। Passive = has been stolen। Agent someone → हटाओ। "Was stolen by someone" = Simple Past Passive (गलत Tense + agent रखा)। "Is being stolen" = Present Continuous Passive (गलत)।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Which of the following correctly transforms the sentence into passive voice? 'Someone has stolen my wallet.'
निम्नलिखित में से कौन सा वाक्य सही Passive Voice में है? 'Someone has stolen my wallet.'
  1. My wallet has been stolen.
  2. My wallet was stolen by someone.
  3. My wallet is being stolen.
  4. My wallet had been stolen.
  1. My wallet has been stolen.
  2. My wallet was stolen by someone.
  3. My wallet is being stolen.
  4. My wallet had been stolen.
Solutionसमाधान
The active sentence is in Present Perfect Tense. Its passive form is 'has/have been + past participle'. When the subject is 'someone/they/people' (indefinite), 'by + agent' is typically omitted. So the correct passive is 'My wallet has been stolen.'
Active वाक्य Present Perfect Tense में है। इसकी Passive form 'has/have been + past participle' होती है। जब Subject 'someone/they/people' (अनिश्चित) हो तो 'by + agent' आमतौर पर हटा दिया जाता है। इसलिए सही Passive 'My wallet has been stolen.' है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Past Continuous Passive — was/were + being + V3 structure। यह सबसे ज़्यादा confuse करने वाला Passive form है।

समाधान का रास्ता: Active = was discussing (Past Continuous)। Passive formula = was/were + being + V3 = "was being discussed"। "Was discussed" = Simple Past Passive (Tense बदल गया — गलत)। "Is being discussed" = Present Continuous Passive (गलत Tense)। "Has been discussed" = Present Perfect Passive (गलत)।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Choose the correct passive voice of: 'The committee was discussing the new policy.'
निम्नलिखित वाक्य का सही Passive Voice चुनें: 'The committee was discussing the new policy.'
  1. The new policy was discussed by the committee.
  2. The new policy was being discussed by the committee.
  3. The new policy is being discussed by the committee.
  4. The new policy has been discussed by the committee.
  1. The new policy was discussed by the committee.
  2. The new policy was being discussed by the committee.
  3. The new policy is being discussed by the committee.
  4. The new policy has been discussed by the committee.
Solutionसमाधान
The active sentence is in Past Continuous Tense ('was discussing'). The passive of Past Continuous is 'was/were + being + past participle'. So 'was discussing' becomes 'was being discussed', and the object 'the new policy' becomes the subject.
Active वाक्य Past Continuous Tense ('was discussing') में है। Past Continuous की Passive form 'was/were + being + past participle' होती है। इसलिए 'was discussing' बदलकर 'was being discussed' हो जाता है, और Object 'the new policy' Subject बन जाता है।

आम गलतियाँ

संबंधित विषय

SarkariRise पर अभ्यास

Sign up + get 3 free mocks →