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SSC CGL अंग्रेज़ी व्याकरण: कर्तृवाच्य और कर्मवाच्य (Active-Passive Voice) — सम्पूर्ण मार्गदर्शिका

intermediate 18 min read

अवधारणा

देखो — Active और Passive Voice का मूल सवाल यह है: क्रिया कौन कर रहा है और वाक्य का केंद्र कहाँ है?

कर्तृवाच्य (Active Voice): जब वाक्य में कर्ता (Subject) खुद क्रिया करता है।

Ram eats an apple. — यहाँ Ram क्रिया कर रहा है, वह Subject है।

कर्मवाच्य (Passive Voice): जब वाक्य का केंद्र क्रिया का शिकार होने वाला (Object) बन जाता है।

An apple is eaten by Ram. — अब apple केंद्र में है।

एक सरल उपमा लो: मान लो एक दुकानदार ने कपड़ा बेचा।

SSC CGL में यह क्यों आता है? English section में Sentence Improvement, Error Spotting और Fill in the Blanks — तीनों में Voice की गलतियाँ trap की तरह काम करती हैं। अगर तुमने काल (Tense) के अनुसार Passive structure याद नहीं किया, तो सही दिखने वाला गलत option चुन लोगे।

मूल सूत्र:

Active: Subject + Verb + Object\text{Active: Subject + Verb + Object}

Passive: Object→Subject+be (correct form)+Past Participle+by+Subject→Object\text{Passive: Object} \rightarrow \text{Subject} + \text{be (correct form)} + \text{Past Participle} + \text{by} + \text{Subject} \rightarrow \text{Object}

Pronoun बदलाव भी याद रखो:

| Active Subject | Passive Object (by के बाद) | |---|---| | I | me | | He | him | | She | her | | They | them | | We | us | | Who | whom |

गहन विश्लेषण

काल-वार Passive Voice संरचना (Tense-wise Passive Structure)

यह सबसे ज़रूरी table है। इसे काल देखकर तुरंत structure निकालना आना चाहिए।

| काल | Active Structure | Passive Structure | |---|---|---| | Simple Present | S + V₁(s/es) + O | O + is/am/are + V₃ + by S | | Present Continuous | S + is/am/are + V₁ing + O | O + is/am/are + being + V₃ + by S | | Present Perfect | S + has/have + V₃ + O | O + has/have + been + V₃ + by S | | Simple Past | S + V₂ + O | O + was/were + V₃ + by S | | Past Continuous | S + was/were + V₁ing + O | O + was/were + being + V₃ + by S | | Past Perfect | S + had + V₃ + O | O + had + been + V₃ + by S | | Simple Future | S + will + V₁ + O | O + will + be + V₃ + by S | | Future Perfect | S + will have + V₃ + O | O + will + have + been + V₃ + by S |

V₁ = Base Form, V₂ = Past Tense, V₃ = Past Participle

तीन ऐसे structure जो अक्सर गलत होते हैं

1. Present Continuous का जाल: Active: She is writing a letter. गलत Passive: A letter is written by her. — यह Simple Present Passive है। सही Passive: A letter is being written by her. — "being" लगाना ज़रूरी है।

नियम: जहाँ Active में -ing है (Continuous), Passive में being आएगा।

2. Present Perfect बनाम Simple Past: Active: They have completed the project. गलत Passive: The project was completed by them. — यह Simple Past Passive है। सही Passive: The project has been completed by them. — has/have + been + V₃

"have" के साथ "been" आता है, "was/were" नहीं।

3. Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक) वाक्य: Active: Who broke the window? गलत Passive: Who was the window broken by? — "Who" को "By whom" बनाना पड़ता है। सही Passive: By whom was the window broken?

नियम: "Who" → "By whom" और यह वाक्य की शुरुआत में आता है।

Modals के साथ Passive

Modal + be + V₃ का pattern:

| Active | Passive | |---|---| | can do | can be done | | should write | should be written | | must complete | must be completed | | ought to inform | ought to be informed |

Impersonal Passive (बिना "by" के Passive)

कई बार कर्ता अज्ञात या अनावश्यक होता है, तब "by + agent" नहीं लिखते:

The road is being repaired. (किसने, यह महत्वपूर्ण नहीं) Mistakes were made. (किसने, यह छुपाया जा रहा है)

SSC में यह trap आता है — हर Passive में "by + agent" ज़रूरी नहीं।

Double Object वाले वाक्य

जब Active में दो Object हों (Indirect + Direct):

She gave him a book.

दोनों में से किसी को भी Subject बना सकते हो:

He was given a book by her. (Indirect Object → Subject) A book was given to him by her. (Direct Object → Subject, "to" लगेगा)

SSC में पहला option अधिक स्वाभाविक माना जाता है।

शॉर्टकट और युक्तियाँ

patternBEST Formula — काल पहचानो, structure लगाओ

Active देखते ही पहले काल पहचानो: Verb₂ दिखे → Simple Past → Passive में "was/were + V₃"। Verb₁ing दिखे → Continuous → Passive में "being + V₃"। "have/has + V₃" दिखे → Perfect → Passive में "have/has + been + V₃"।

Micro-example: "They built this bridge." → V₂ (built) → Simple Past → "This bridge was built by them."

साधारण तरीका: पूरा structure याद करो → 40 सेकंड। यह pattern: पहले काल identify, फिर formula लगाओ → 12 सेकंड।

substitutionWHO → BY WHOM: प्रश्नवाचक Passive का एकमात्र नियम

जब भी Active question में "Who" Subject की जगह हो, Passive में तुरंत "By whom" लिखो और वाक्य की शुरुआत में रखो। बाकी structure उसी काल का Passive रहेगा।

Micro-example: "Who wrote this letter?" → Simple Past → "By whom was this letter written?"

साधारण तरीका: structure सोचते-सोचते → 35 सेकंड। यह substitution rule → 8 सेकंड (3 steps बनाम 8 steps)।

patternBEING = Continuous का निशान

Option में "being" दिखे और Active वाक्य में Continuous (-ing) हो, तो वही सही answer है। SSC में यह trap बार-बार आता है — "is written" और "is being written" में से Continuous Active का Passive हमेशा "is being written" होगा।

Micro-example: "He is painting the wall." → Options में "being" वाला ढूँढो → "The wall is being painted by him."

Elimination से सही answer: 4 options में से 3 हटाओ → 6 सेकंड।

substitutionPronoun Trap: Subject → Object Case

Passive में "by" के बाद pronoun हमेशा Object case में होगा। She → her, He → him, They → them, I → me, We → us, Who → whom।

Micro-example: Active: "She completed the task." → Passive: "The task was completed by her." (by she — कभी नहीं)

अगर option में "by she" या "by he" दिखे, वह option तुरंत काटो → 3 सेकंड (2 options eliminate)।

patternPresent Perfect की पहचान: has/have + been + V₃

Present Perfect Active में "have/has completed/written/done" दिखे, तो Passive में "has/have been + V₃" आएगा। SSC में common distractor है "was/were + V₃" जो Simple Past Passive है।

Micro-example: "The team has won the match." → Passive: "The match has been won by the team." (was won — गलत)

Singular subject है तो "has been", plural है तो "have been" — यह subject-verb agreement का भी test है। Step count: 2 steps बनाम confusing full analysis।

तेज़-समाधान रूपरेखा

परीक्षा हॉल में यह sequence follow करो:

Step 1 — काल पहचानो (5 सेकंड): Active verb देखो। V₂ है? → Simple Past। V₁ing है? → Continuous। has/have + V₃ है? → Perfect। will + V₁ है? → Future।

Step 2 — Object को Subject बनाओ: Active का Object निकालो, वही Passive का Subject बनेगा। Pronoun है तो Object case में लाओ।

Step 3 — सही "be" form लगाओ: काल के हिसाब से table से: Simple Present → is/am/are, Simple Past → was/were, Future → will be, Perfect → has/have been, Continuous → is/am/are being / was/were being।

Step 4 — V₃ (Past Participle) लगाओ: हमेशा Past Participle ही आएगा — V₂ कभी नहीं।

Step 5 — by + Subject (Object case में): ज़रूरी न हो तो छोड़ दो। Interrogative में "by whom" पहले।

Options eliminate करो: Wrong pronoun वाले option काटो → Wrong tense auxiliary वाले काटो → बचा हुआ सही है।

हल किए गए PYQs

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Simple Present का Passive — सबसे बुनियादी और सबसे ज़्यादा आने वाला pattern।

समाधान का रास्ता: "teaches" → Simple Present → Passive में "are taught"। Subject "students" plural है → "are"। "Every day" adverb है, वैसे ही रहेगा।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Change the following sentence into Passive Voice: 'The teacher teaches the students every day.'
  1. The students were taught by the teacher every day.
  2. The students have been taught by the teacher every day.
  3. The students are taught by the teacher every day.
  4. The students are being taught by the teacher every day.
Solutionसमाधान
The sentence is in Simple Present Active Voice. In Passive Voice, the object 'students' becomes the subject, and the verb changes to 'are taught' (is/am/are + past participle). 'By the teacher' is added as the agent.
यह वाक्य Simple Present Active Voice में है। Passive Voice में Object 'students' Subject बन जाता है और क्रिया 'are taught' (is/am/are + past participle) हो जाती है। 'By the teacher' को agent के रूप में जोड़ा जाता है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Present Continuous का Passive — "being" का use सबसे ज़्यादा गलत होता है।

समाधान का रास्ता: "is writing" → Present Continuous → Passive structure: "is being written"। "She" → "her" (by her)। Option A में दोनों सही हैं।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Identify the correct Passive Voice of: 'She is writing a letter.'
  1. A letter is being written by her.
  2. A letter has been written by her.
  3. A letter was being written by her.
  4. A letter is written by her.
Solutionसमाधान
The sentence is in Present Continuous Active Voice. The Passive Voice of Present Continuous is formed as: object + is/am/are + being + past participle + by + subject. 'She' changes to 'her' in passive.
यह वाक्य Present Continuous Active Voice में है। Present Continuous का Passive Voice बनाने के लिए: object + is/am/are + being + past participle + by + subject का प्रयोग किया जाता है। 'She' बदलकर 'her' हो जाता है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Passive से Active बनाना — उल्टी दिशा में conversion, यहाँ ज़्यादा गलतियाँ होती हैं।

समाधान का रास्ता: "was eaten" → Simple Past Passive → Active में Simple Past "ate"। "the children" → Subject → "The children ate the cake."। Option B सही है। Option A (were eating) — Past Continuous होता, Option C (have eaten) — Present Perfect होता।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Which of the following is the Active Voice of: 'The cake was eaten by the children.'?
  1. The children were eating the cake.
  2. The children ate the cake.
  3. The children have eaten the cake.
  4. The children eat the cake.
Solutionसमाधान
The passive sentence uses 'was eaten', indicating Simple Past Passive Voice. Converting to Active Voice, the agent 'the children' becomes the subject and the verb returns to Simple Past tense: 'ate'. The object 'the cake' follows the verb.
Passive वाक्य में 'was eaten' है, जो Simple Past Passive Voice दर्शाता है। Active Voice में बदलने पर 'the children' Subject बनता है और क्रिया Simple Past 'ate' हो जाती है। 'The cake' Object के रूप में क्रिया के बाद आता है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Present Continuous दोबारा, confirm करता है कि यह SSC का favourite trap है।

समाधान का रास्ता: "is explaining" → Present Continuous → "is being explained"। Option B सही। Option A (was being) — Past Continuous होता। Option D (is explained) — Simple Present Passive होता — यही सबसे बड़ा distractor है।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Choose the correct passive voice of: 'The teacher is explaining the lesson.'
  1. The lesson was being explained by the teacher.
  2. The lesson is being explained by the teacher.
  3. The lesson has been explained by the teacher.
  4. The lesson is explained by the teacher.
Solutionसमाधान
The active sentence is in Present Continuous tense. In passive voice, Present Continuous becomes 'is/am/are + being + past participle'. So 'is explaining' becomes 'is being explained'.
सक्रिय वाक्य Present Continuous काल में है। Present Continuous के Passive Voice में 'is/am/are + being + past participle' का प्रयोग होता है। अतः 'is explaining' बदलकर 'is being explained' हो जाता है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Simple Future का Passive — "will be + V₃" का pattern।

समाधान का रास्ता: "will write" → Simple Future → Passive: "will be written"। "She" → "her"। Option C सही। Option B (will have been) — Future Perfect Passive होता। Option D (would be) — Conditional होता।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Select the passive form of: 'She will write a letter.'
  1. A letter is written by her.
  2. A letter will have been written by her.
  3. A letter will be written by her.
  4. A letter would be written by her.
Solutionसमाधान
The active sentence is in Simple Future tense. The passive form of Simple Future is 'will + be + past participle'. Also, 'she' changes to 'her' in the passive construction.
सक्रिय वाक्य Simple Future काल में है। Simple Future का Passive रूप 'will + be + past participle' होता है। साथ ही, 'she' Passive में 'her' में बदल जाता है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Present Perfect का Passive — "has been + V₃" बनाम "was + V₃" का classic confusion।

समाधान का रास्ता: "have completed" → Present Perfect → Passive: "has/have + been + V₃"। "project" singular → "has been completed"। Option A सही। Option B (was completed) — Simple Past Passive है, काल गलत। Option C (have been) — subject-verb agreement गलत है, "project" singular है।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Identify the passive voice form of: 'They have completed the project.'
  1. The project has been completed by them.
  2. The project was completed by them.
  3. The project have been completed by them.
  4. The project had been completed by them.
Solutionसमाधान
The active sentence is in Present Perfect tense ('have completed'). The passive form of Present Perfect is 'has/have + been + past participle'. Since 'the project' is singular, 'has been completed' is correct.
सक्रिय वाक्य Present Perfect काल में है ('have completed')। Present Perfect का Passive रूप 'has/have + been + past participle' होता है। 'the project' एकवचन है, इसलिए 'has been completed' सही है।

क्यों यह प्रश्न: Interrogative (प्रश्नवाचक) वाक्य का Passive — "Who" → "By whom" का नियम।

समाधान का रास्ता: "Who broke" → Simple Past interrogative → Passive में "Who" → "By whom" वाक्य की शुरुआत में। "was the window broken" — Simple Past Passive structure। पूरा: "By whom was the window broken?" Option B सही।

Previous Year Questionपिछले वर्ष का प्रश्न
Choose the correct passive voice of: 'Who broke the window?'
  1. By whom is the window broken?
  2. By whom was the window broken?
  3. By whom has the window been broken?
  4. Whom was the window broken by?
Solutionसमाधान
The active sentence is an interrogative in Simple Past tense. In passive, 'Who' becomes 'By whom' and is placed at the beginning, followed by 'was + subject + past participle'.
सक्रिय वाक्य Simple Past काल का प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य है। Passive में 'Who' का रूप 'By whom' हो जाता है और यह वाक्य के शुरू में आता है, फिर 'was + subject + past participle' आता है।

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