देखो — Active और Passive Voice का concept बहुत simple है, पर exam में लोग इसलिए गलती करते हैं क्योंकि वे "tense पहचान" में चूक जाते हैं।
कर्तृवाच्य (Active Voice): जब वाक्य में subject खुद काम करता है।
कर्मवाच्य (Passive Voice): जब काम object पर होता है, और subject पीछे चला जाता है।
एक analogy समझो: मान लो तुम एक photograph खींच रहे हो। Active में photographer (subject) focus में है — "photographer clicked the photo." Passive में photo focus में आ जाती है — "the photo was clicked by the photographer." बात वही है, camera angle बदल गया।
Structure का सार:
| Voice | Formula | |-------|---------| | Active | Subject + Verb + Object | | Passive | Object + Auxiliary (be) + Past Participle + by + Subject |
SSC CHSL में यह topic इसलिए important है क्योंकि यहाँ sentence transformation के प्रश्न direct और straightforward होते हैं — तुम्हें सिर्फ़ tense पकड़ना है और सही formula लगाना है। कोई trick नहीं, बस systematic approach।
यह सबसे critical step है। हर tense का passive form अलग होता है। इसे table में याद करो:
| Tense | Active | Passive | |-------|--------|---------| | Simple Present | does/do + V1 | is/am/are + V3 | | Present Continuous | is/am/are + V1-ing | is/am/are + being + V3 | | Present Perfect | has/have + V3 | has/have + been + V3 | | Simple Past | V2 | was/were + V3 | | Past Continuous | was/were + V1-ing | was/were + being + V3 | | Past Perfect | had + V3 | had + been + V3 | | Simple Future | will + V1 | will + be + V3 | | Future Perfect | will + have + V3 | will + have + been + V3 | | Modal (can/may/must) | modal + V1 | modal + be + V3 | | "have to / has to" | have/has to + V1 | have/has to + be + V3 | | "supposed to" | supposed to + V1 | supposed to + be + V3 |
यह गलती सबसे ज़्यादा होती है। Object pronoun → Subject pronoun बनता है:
| Object Pronoun | → | Subject Pronoun | |---------------|---|----------------| | me | → | I | | us | → | we | | him | → | he | | her | → | she | | them | → | they | | you | → | you |
जब subject "I/we/they/someone/people" हो और passive बनाना हो — "by" phrase हटा दो या "by them" लिखो।
हमेशा "by + agent" ज़रूरी नहीं होता। देखो कब हटाओ:
SSC CHSL 2025 के PYQs में यह patterns आए हैं — इन्हें specially note करो:
"have to / has to":
have/has to + be + V3"supposed to":
supposed to + be + V3Future Perfect:
will + have + been + V3Compound sentences (while/when clauses): जब वाक्य में दो clause हों — दोनों को separately convert करो।
यहाँ "while safeguarding" → "while their youngest members are safeguarded" — participial phrase को पूरे clause में बदलना पड़ा।
यहाँ "by + agent" से subject निकालो:
Example:
सबसे पहले verb देखो और tense "lock" करो — बाकी सब उससे automatically आता है।
जब "was/were + V1-ing" दिखे → Past Continuous → Passive = "was/were + being + V3" जब "will + have + V3" दिखे → Future Perfect → Passive = "will + have + been + V3"
Standard method: पूरा वाक्य पढ़ो, meaning समझो, फिर formula याद करो = 45 seconds। TENSE-LOCK: सिर्फ़ verb form देखो → formula apply करो = 15 seconds।
Micro-example: "The tigress was trailing the stag" → "was trailing" दिखा → Past Continuous → "was being trailed" → done.
Passive से Active बनाते वक्त जब "by them / by people / by someone" हो या agent न हो — subject को "They" बना दो।
यह rule 2025 के PYQ में directly आया: "The manuscript will have been translated" → कोई agent नहीं → Subject = "They" → "They will have translated the manuscript."
Standard method: सोचो कि कौन-सा pronoun सही रहेगा = 30 seconds। AGENT-DROP: "by" नहीं दिखा → "They" लगाओ = 5 seconds।
"have to", "has to", "supposed to", "ought to" वाले structures में formula एक ही है:
[Modal/Obligation word] + be + V3
"have to handle" → "have to be handled" "supposed to submit" → "supposed to be submitted" "ought to respect" → "ought to be respected"
Standard method: हर structure को अलग याद करो = 3 rules। MODAL + TO Pattern: एक ही formula सब पर लागू = 1 rule, 3 steps कम।
जब वाक्य में "while/when/after/before + V-ing" हो — participial phrase को पूरे passive clause में बदलो।
Formula:
Example: "while safeguarding their youngest members" → "while their youngest members are safeguarded"
Standard method: पूरे वाक्य का passive एक साथ बनाओ = confusion और error। DOUBLE CLAUSE Splitting: clause को काटो → हर हिस्से को अलग convert करो → जोड़ो = 2 steps, ज़ीरो confusion।
Exam hall में यह decision tree follow करो — हर Active/Passive question में:
Step 1 — Direction पहचानो:
Step 2 — Tense LOCK करो:
Step 3 — Special Structure check करो:
Step 4 — Agent check करो:
Step 5 — Pronoun check करो:
Step 6 — Option से match करो:
यह पाँच steps 30-40 seconds में होने चाहिए। Practice के साथ 20 seconds तक आ जाएगा।
क्यों यह प्रश्न: Future Perfect Passive — यह tense candidates को सबसे ज़्यादा confuse करता है। "been" कहाँ आएगा, यह समझना ज़रूरी है।
समाधान का रास्ता: "will have been translated" देखो → Future Perfect Passive है। Active में formula = will + have + V3. Agent नहीं है → "They" subject बनाओ। Object = "the manuscript"। Final: "They will have translated the manuscript by the time the expedition returns."
क्यों यह प्रश्न: "has to be" structure — यह Modal+TO pattern का classic example है। CHSL में यह pattern repeat होता है।
समाधान का रास्ता: "has to be handled" → Passive में "has to + be + V3" है। Active में = "have to + V1". Subject नहीं दिया → "They" लगाओ। Object → Subject बनाओ: "the ancient manuscript". Final: "They have to handle the ancient manuscript with extreme care."
क्यों यह प्रश्न: Future Perfect Active → Passive। यहाँ agent दिया है ("the head of state") — इसे "by" के साथ अंत में रखना है।
समाधान का रास्ता: "will have already addressed" → Future Perfect Active। Passive formula = will + have + been + V3. Object "the nation" → Subject बनाओ। Agent "the head of state" → "by the head of state" अंत में। Final: "The nation will have been addressed about the critical matter by the head of state."
क्यों यह प्रश्न: "supposed to" structure + redundant "by us" trap। Options में "by us" retain करने वाला option जानबूझकर गलत दिया होगा।
समाधान का रास्ता: "are supposed to submit" → "supposed to + be + V3" = "is supposed to be submitted". Subject "We" → passive में "by us" बनेगा, पर original वाक्य में "by us" already था जो redundant था — इसे हटाओ। Final: "The final report is supposed to be submitted to the department head by the end of the week."
क्यों यह प्रश्न: Compound sentence — दो clauses को अलग-अलग convert करना। यह advanced level का question है जो CHSL 2025 में आया।
समाधान का रास्ता: Main clause: "Families can enjoy technology" → "Technology can be enjoyed by families." Subordinate clause: "while safeguarding their youngest members" → participial phrase है, इसे full passive clause बनाओ → "while their youngest members are safeguarded." Join करो। Final: "Technology can be enjoyed by families while their youngest members are safeguarded."
क्यों यह प्रश्न: Simple Future Active → Passive। यह basic level है, पर "will + be + V3" formula confirm करना ज़रूरी है।
समाधान का रास्ता: "will recite" → Simple Future Active। Passive = will + be + V3. Object "the poem" → Subject। Agent "the child" → "by the child"। Final: "The poem will be recited by the child."
क्यों यह प्रश्न: Passive → Active (Reverse)। Simple Present tense। "taught to us" की word order समझना ज़रूरी है।
समाधान का रास्ता: "is taught" → Simple Present Passive → Active में "teaches"। Subject = "Miss Glenn" (from "by Miss Glenn")। Object = "us French" (indirect + direct object)। Final: "Miss Glenn teaches us French."
क्यों यह प्रश्न: Past Continuous Passive — "was being + V3" formula। यह tense candidates भूल जाते हैं।
समाधान का रास्ता: "was trailing" → Past Continuous Active। Passive formula = was/were + being + V3. Object "the stag" → Subject। Agent "the tigress" → "by the tigress"। Final: "The stag was being trailed by the tigress."
Past Continuous का formula भूलना: "was trailing" का passive "was trailed" नहीं, बल्कि "was being trailed" होता है। "being" छोड़ना सबसे common mistake है।
Future Perfect में "been" भूलना: "will have translated" (Active) → "will have been translated" (Passive)। "will have translated" को passive मानकर वैसे ही लिख देना गलत है।
"by them/by us" को redundantly retain करना: जब original active sentence में "We/They" subject हो और passive बनाओ — "by us/by them" ज़्यादातर हटा दो, जब तक emphasis ज़रूरी न हो।
Pronoun error: "Him/Her/Them/Us" को subject position में रखना गलत है। "by him/her" सही है, पर active में यह "he/she/they" बनेगा। "She gave him a book" → passive में "He was given a book by her" — 'her' सही है, 'she' नहीं।
"supposed to / have to" में "be" भूलना: "supposed to submit" → "supposed to be submitted", न कि "supposed to submitted"। "be" हटाना बहुत common error है।
Compound sentences में सिर्फ़ main clause convert करना: "while safeguarding" जैसे participial phrases को ignore मत करो। हर clause को properly convert करो, नहीं तो answer grammatically incomplete होगा।