Hindi Grammar Upper Primary Questions for CTET PAPER II

Sandhi (Sound Joining)

Sandhi means joining two sounds or words to form a new word, with sound changes at the junction. There are three main types: Swar Sandhi (vowel + vowel), Vyanjan Sandhi (consonant involved), and Visarg Sandhi (visarg + vowel or consonant). CTET frequently asks you to identify the type of sandhi or break a sandhi word back into its original parts (sandhi-viched).

• Swar Sandhi has 5 subtypes: Dirgha, Gun, Vriddhi, Yan, Ayadi
• Dirgha: aa + aa = aa (vidya + aalaya = vidyaalaya)
• Gun: a/aa + i/ii = e (deva + indra = devendra)
• Vriddhi: a/aa + e/ai = ai (ek + ek = ekaikya)
• Yan: i/ii/u/uu/ri before dissimilar vowel becomes y/v/r
• Visarg Sandhi: if visarg followed by g/gh/d etc., becomes o or ar

Samas (Compound Words)

Samas is the merging of two or more words into one with the removal of karak vibhakti. The expanded form is called vigrah. CTET tests identification of samas type from a given compound word, or asks which word is an example of a specific samas. Six types are tested at upper primary level.

• Avyayibhav: first word is avyaya (indeclinable) — e.g., yathashakti, pratidin
• Tatpurush: second word is main (pradhan), first word shows karak relation — e.g., rajputra (king's son)
• Karmadharaya: both words describe same thing, adjective-noun or noun-noun — e.g., neelkamala
• Dvigu: first word is numeral — e.g., trilokan, saptahah
• Dvandva: both words equal, joined by 'aur' in vigrah — e.g., Ram-Lakshman, mata-pita
• Bahuvrihi: neither word is main, refers to a third thing — e.g., dashanana (the one with ten heads = Ravana)

Karak and Vibhakti (Case and Case Markers)

Karak shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun with the verb in a sentence. There are 8 kaarak in Hindi, each having a specific vibhakti (case marker). CTET commonly asks: identify the karak in a sentence, or pick the correct vibhakti for a blank.

• Karta (subject): ne — Ram ne khana khaya
• Karma (object): ko — Maine use dekha
• Karan (instrument): se, ke dwara — Usne kalam se likha
• Sampradan (recipient): ko, ke liye — Bacche ko doodh do
• Apadan (separation/origin): se — Pedh se patta gira
• Sambandh (possession): ka/ki/ke — Mohan ki kitab
• Adhikarana (location): mein, par — Ghar mein log hain
• Sambodhan (address): he/arre/oh — He Ram!

Kaal (Tense)

Kaal refers to the time of the action. Three main kaals are Bhootkal (past), Vartamaan Kaal (present), and Bhavishyat Kaal (future). Each has subtypes. CTET tests identification of tense from a sentence or asks which subtype a sentence belongs to.

• Vartamaan: Samanaya (karta hoon), Tat-kalik (kar raha hoon), Poornn (kar chuka hoon)
• Bhootkal: Samanaya (kiya), Tat-kalik (kar raha tha), Poornn (kar chuka tha), Asann (abhi kiya hai)
• Bhavishyat: Samanaya (karega), Sambhavit (karta hoga), Vidhyarth (kare)
• A common trap: Asann Bhootkal uses hai/hain — looks like present but refers to very recent past

Vakya Bhed (Types of Sentences)

Sentences are classified by structure (rachna) and by purpose/meaning (arth). CTET asks both. Rachna-based classification is more commonly tested at upper primary level.

• By rachna: Saral (simple — one verb), Sanyukt (compound — joined by aur/kintu/parantu), Mishrit (complex — main clause + subordinate clause with jo/ki/yadi)
• By arth: Vidhanaarthak (statement), Nishhedharthak (negative), Prashnarthak (question), Aagyarthak (command), Ichharthak (wish), Sanshaythak (doubt), Vismayarthak (exclamation)
• Mishrit sentences contain subordinating conjunctions like jo-so, yadi-to, kyonki, jab-tab

Alankar (Figures of Speech)

Alankar adds beauty to language. Two main types: Shabdalankar (based on sound) and Arthalankar (based on meaning). CTET Paper II tests identification of alankar from a given line of poetry or prose.

• Anupras (Shabdalankar): repetition of same consonant sound — chhanda chhal chhabi chhali
• Yamak (Shabdalankar): same word used twice with different meanings
• Shlesha (Shabdalankar): one word gives two meanings simultaneously
• Upama (Arthalankar): direct comparison using jaise, sa, sama — mukh chandra sa sundar
• Rupak (Arthalankar): identification, not comparison — mukh hi chandra hai (no jaise)
• Utpreksha (Arthalankar): imagination/fancy using mano, janu, jaisi — mano bijli ghir aayi

Ras (Emotional Essence in Literature)

Ras is the emotional flavor experienced by the reader or audience. There are 9 classical ras (Navras). CTET tests identification of ras from a verse, or asks which sthaayi bhav corresponds to which ras.

• Shringar (love) — sthaayi bhav: rati
• Hasya (humour) — sthaayi bhav: haas
• Karuna (pathos/grief) — sthaayi bhav: shok
• Raudra (fury) — sthaayi bhav: krodh
• Veer (heroism) — sthaayi bhav: utsaah
• Bhayanak (fear) — sthaayi bhav: bhay
• Vibhatsa (disgust) — sthaayi bhav: jugupsa
• Adbhut (wonder) — sthaayi bhav: vismay
• Shant (peace) — sthaayi bhav: nirveda

Muhavare and Lokoktiyan (Idioms and Proverbs)

Muhavare are phrases whose meaning is different from the literal meaning of individual words. Lokoktiyan are complete proverbs giving a wisdom statement. CTET asks meaning of a given muhavara or which muhavara fits a given situation.

• Muhavara is always part of a sentence and does not stand alone — e.g., naak mein dum aana (to be troubled greatly)
• Lokoktian stand alone as complete statements — e.g., Andher nagari chaupat raja
• Common muhavare: aankh ka taara (very dear), haath pair marna (to work hard), naak rakhna (to save dignity)
• CTET often asks meaning in context, not just definition — read all options carefully

• Confusing Karmadharaya and Bahuvrihi: in Karmadharaya both words describe the same person/thing; in Bahuvrihi they together describe a third person — Neelkamala (blue lotus = Karmadharaya) vs Neelkantha (whose throat is blue = Shiva = Bahuvrihi)
• Mixing up Apadan and Karan kaarak: both use 'se' but Apadan shows origin or separation (pedh se gira) while Karan shows tool or instrument (kalam se likha)
• Treating Asann Bhootkal as Vartamaan Kaal because it uses hai/hain — always check if action just completed
• Confusing Upama and Rupak: Upama uses jaise/sa (like), Rupak directly equates (is), no comparison word
• Calling a compound word Dvandva just because both words seem equal — check if vigrah uses 'aur'; for Bahuvrihi vigrah will point to something external

• Samas types mnemonic: Aaj Tum Kahan Dono Dosto Baithe — Avyayibhav, Tatpurush, Karmadharaya, Dvigu, Dvandva, Bahuvrihi
• 8 Karak order: Karta Karma Karan Sampradan Apadan Sambandh Adhikarana Sambodhan — remember as K K K S A S A S
• Navras memory: Shringar Hasya Karuna Raudra Veer Bhayanak Vibhatsa Adbhut Shant — Short form: SH-KA-RVB-AS (She Knew Ravan Very Badly — Awesome Story)
• Upama vs Rupak: Upama = U = 'Unlike' (comparison), Rupak = R = 'Really is' (identity)

• CTET Paper II Language I grammar section has roughly 5-7 direct grammar questions (sandhi, samas, karak, kaal) and 3-4 literary questions (alankar, ras, muhavare) — grammar brings more marks so prioritize it
• Sandhi-viched questions are very common — practice breaking compound words back into original parts, not just forming them
• Alankar questions give a poetry line and ask type — focus on Upama, Rupak, Utpreksha, Anupras as these appear most in PYQs
• Vakya bhed by rachna (Saral/Sanyukt/Mishrit) is a high-frequency question type — look for the conjunction type in the sentence as your clue
• Hindi pedagogy (15 marks) is tested in the same section — do not skip it for grammar; questions on multilingualism, reading aloud, error correction approaches are equally important and often easier to score