Which of the following assumptions is/are valid? 1. Agricultural productivity has marched ahead in the West because of the economies of scale facilitated by the adoption of AI tools. 2. Affordable AI tools rendered available in local languages can help AI-based solutions reach more and more small farmers. 3. Though penetration is as yet low, critical application areas deploying AI tools are already in use in India. Select the answer using the code given below.

Assumption 1 cannot be inferred — the passage says generative AI tools in the US and Europe have 'started offering precision farming at scale', but it doesn't claim that the West's overall agricultural productivity advantage came FROM AI adoption (AI is recent). Assumption 2 is valid — the passage explicitly suggests developing 'Indian languages-based AI tools for smallholder farmers' to enhance accessibility. Assumption 3 is valid — the passage states 'India is starting to deploy AI for critical use cases such as weather forecasting, pest detection... However, penetration is limited.' This confirms critical applications are already deployed though penetration is low. Hence 2 and 3 only.