Which of the following best explain(s) the rationale for protecting mangrove ecosystems in the context of climate resilience ? 1. Mangroves reduce tidal energy and store freshwater, making them ideal sites for paddy cultivation in saline estuarine belts. 2. Their salt-sensitive roots filter seawater, making mangroves key to converting coastal land into freshwater aquaculture zones. 3. By withstanding tidal surges and offering biomass resources, mangroves function both as natural bio-shields and livelihood bases for rural communities.

Statement 1 is incorrect because mangroves grow in saline/brackish water and are not suited for paddy cultivation, which requires freshwater. Statement 2 is incorrect because mangrove roots are salt-tolerant (halophytic), not salt-sensitive, and they don't convert coastal areas into freshwater zones — they thrive in saline conditions. Statement 3 is correct: mangroves act as natural bio-shields by absorbing tidal surges and cyclonic energy, and they provide biomass resources (fish, fuelwood, honey) supporting rural coastal livelihoods, making them critical for climate resilience.