Consider the following fruits: I. Papaya II. Pineapple III. Guava How many of the above were introduced in India by the Portuguese in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries?

All three fruits — papaya, pineapple, and guava — are native to the Americas (Central and South America) and were introduced to India by the Portuguese during the 16th and 17th centuries through their trading networks. Papaya originated in southern Mexico and Central America, pineapple in South America (Brazil/Paraguay), and guava in Mexico and Central America. The Portuguese, who had established trading posts in Goa and other coastal areas after Vasco da Gama's arrival in 1498, were instrumental in bringing these and many other New World crops (like potatoes, tomatoes, chillies, and tobacco) to India.