Consider the following statements: I. Pali texts contain the first definite references to coins, e.g., kahapana, nikkha, kamsa, and kakanika. II. The literary evidence from Pali texts is corroborated by archaeological evidence of punch-marked coins from many sites, most of them made of silver. The above statements have been associated with which of the following? 1. Emergence of urban life 2. Transition to money economy

The references to coins like kahapana, nikkha, kamsa, and kakanika in Pali texts, along with archaeological evidence of punch-marked silver coins, are key indicators historians use to identify two parallel developments in the 6th century BCE — the Second Urbanization in the Ganga valley (emergence of urban life, including the rise of Mahajanapadas and cities like Rajagriha, Vaishali, Kausambi) and the transition from a barter-based economy to a monetized exchange economy. Coinage facilitated trade, taxation, and urban commerce, both being central themes in early Buddhist and post-Vedic economic history.