Consider the following statements regarding the British policy in Awadh immediately after its annexation in 1856: 1. The taluqdars were dispossessed of their estates but allowed to retain their arms and forts. 2. A Summary Revenue Settlement was made in 1856 assuming that the taluqdars were outsiders. 3. The British believed in taking revenue directly from the peasants by removing the taluqdars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

After the annexation of Awadh in 1856 under Lord Dalhousie's policy, the British carried out a Summary Settlement (1856) which assumed that the taluqdars were intermediaries/outsiders who had usurped land from the cultivating peasants. Following the philosophy of dealing directly with the actual cultivators (similar to the ryotwari ideal), the British dispossessed many taluqdars of their estates and sought to collect revenue directly from the peasants. However, statement 1 is incorrect — the taluqdars were not only dispossessed of estates but also disarmed (their forts were dismantled and arms confiscated), which contributed to their joining the 1857 Revolt. Hence only 2 and 3 are correct.