Which one of the following is similar in meaning to the word 'exhorting' as used in the passage?

'Exhorting' means strongly encouraging or urging someone to do something. 'Urging' is the closest synonym as both involve persuading or pressing someone to take action. The passage uses 'ever exhorting him to cut down his needs', meaning continuously urging him. Supporting, demanding, and clarifying all have different meanings—exhorting specifically implies earnest encouragement to act.