Science & Technology / Biotechnology — UPSC Mains Model Answer

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, capable of differentiating into nearly all cell types, making them scientifically valuable but ethically contested. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), developed by reprogramming adult somatic cells to an embryonic-like state, circumvent many ethical concerns while retaining therapeutic versatility. Adult stem cells, though multipotent, are already used clinically in haematopoietic transplants.

Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the most validated application, used to treat blood disorders including leukaemia, lymphoma, and sickle cell anaemia. Bone marrow transplants, a form of this therapy, have been performed for decades with documented success. Cord blood banking has expanded access to compatible stem cell sources for such treatments.

India's regulatory framework for stem cell research is governed by guidelines issued by the Indian Council of Medical Research and the Department of Biotechnology, which classify permissible research categories. Unregulated clinics offering unproven stem cell treatments pose patient safety risks and undermine credible science. Strengthening enforcement and mandatory clinical trial registration are essential safeguards.

Public investment in stem cell biobanks and translational research infrastructure can position India competitively in regenerative medicine. Ethical oversight committees must balance innovation incentives with protections against exploitation of vulnerable patients. International collaboration under frameworks like the Global Alliance for iPSC Therapies can accelerate safe clinical translation.