Why this topic matters · 8 min read
Algebra appears in almost every SSC CHSL Maths section with 3 to 5 questions typically. Questions focus on simplifying expressions, finding values using identities, solving linear and quadratic equations, and substitution tricks. The exam rarely asks for lengthy derivations — it rewards speed with identities and smart substitution. Mastering the standard algebraic identities and the 'value finding' tricks can easily fetch you 3+ marks in under 4 minutes.
Core Algebraic Identities
These are the backbone of SSC CHSL Algebra. The exam constantly gives you expressions like (a+b)^2 or a^3+b^3 and asks you to find a value. Memorise all identities cold — do not derive them during the exam. Think of identities as shortcuts: instead of expanding everything, you plug in and get the answer in one step.
- (a+b)^2 = a^2 + 2ab + b^2
- (a-b)^2 = a^2 - 2ab + b^2
- (a+b)^2 + (a-b)^2 = 2(a^2 + b^2)
- (a+b)^2 - (a-b)^2 = 4ab
- a^2 - b^2 = (a+b)(a-b)
- a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)(a^2 - ab + b^2) and a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)(a^2 + ab + b^2)
Key formulas
Sum of cubes
a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)^3 - 3ab(a+b)
When: Use when a+b and ab are given and you need a^3+b^3
Difference of cubes
a^3 - b^3 = (a-b)^3 + 3ab(a-b)
When: Use when a-b and ab are given and you need a^3-b^3
Square sum shortcut
a^2 + b^2 = (a+b)^2 - 2ab
When: Use when a+b and ab are known
Worked examples
If a + b = 5 and ab = 6, find a^3 + b^3. Solution: a^3+b^3 = (a+b)^3 - 3ab(a+b) = 125 - 3x6x5 = 125 - 90 = 35.
If x - y = 3 and xy = 10, find x^2 + y^2. Solution: x^2+y^2 = (x-y)^2 + 2xy = 9 + 20 = 29.
Value Finding — The x + 1/x Type
SSC CHSL loves questions where you are given x + 1/x = k and asked to find x^2 + 1/x^2, or x^3 + 1/x^3. These questions look hard but follow a fixed chain. Once you know the chain, you can solve in 20 seconds. Think of it like a staircase — each step uses the previous result.
- If x + 1/x = k, then x^2 + 1/x^2 = k^2 - 2
- If x + 1/x = k, then x^3 + 1/x^3 = k^3 - 3k
- If x - 1/x = k, then x^2 + 1/x^2 = k^2 + 2
- If x - 1/x = k, then x^3 - 1/x^3 = k^3 + 3k
- Always check sign — plus or minus 1/x changes the formula slightly
Key formulas
Square of sum reciprocal
x^2 + 1/x^2 = (x + 1/x)^2 - 2
When: Given x + 1/x, need x^2 + 1/x^2
Cube of sum reciprocal
x^3 + 1/x^3 = (x + 1/x)^3 - 3(x + 1/x)
When: Given x + 1/x, need x^3 + 1/x^3
Worked examples
If x + 1/x = 3, find x^3 + 1/x^3. Step 1: x^2 + 1/x^2 = 9 - 2 = 7. Step 2: x^3 + 1/x^3 = 3^3 - 3x3 = 27 - 9 = 18. Or directly: (x+1/x)^3 - 3(x+1/x) = 27 - 9 = 18.
If x - 1/x = 4, find x^2 + 1/x^2. Answer: 4^2 + 2 = 18.
Linear Equations in One and Two Variables
SSC CHSL tests simple linear equations — either one variable or a pair of simultaneous equations. For two variables, the elimination or substitution method works. In exams, the fastest route is usually elimination — line up the two equations and cancel one variable directly. Do not spend time cross-multiplying unless the numbers force you.
- For ax + by = c and dx + ey = f, multiply to make coefficients of one variable equal then add or subtract
- Check for consistent (one solution), inconsistent (no solution), or dependent (infinite solutions) systems
- For a/b = d/e but c/f is different — no solution. For a/b = d/e = c/f — infinite solutions
- Word problems: assign variables clearly, form equations, then solve — do not guess
Key formulas
Consistency check
a1/a2 = b1/b2 not equal to c1/c2 means no solution
When: When asked if equations have a unique or no solution
Worked example
Solve: 2x + 3y = 12 and x + y = 5. From second: x = 5 - y. Substitute: 2(5-y) + 3y = 12, 10 - 2y + 3y = 12, y = 2, x = 3.
Factorisation and Simplification
Many SSC CHSL questions give a complex algebraic fraction or expression and ask you to simplify. The trick is always to spot a known identity in the numerator or denominator. Common patterns include difference of squares and sum or difference of cubes. Once you factor, things cancel out beautifully.
- Always try to factor the numerator and denominator before doing any arithmetic
- Spot a^2 - b^2 = (a+b)(a-b) whenever you see a difference of two squared terms
- For a^3 + b^3 type in numerator with (a+b) in denominator — they cancel leaving a^2 - ab + b^2
- If x = 2 or some small number satisfies an expression, substitution is faster than full factorisation
Worked example
Simplify (x^3 - 8) / (x - 2). Factor numerator: x^3 - 8 = (x-2)(x^2+2x+4). Cancel (x-2): answer = x^2 + 2x + 4.
Substitution Trick for Quick Value Finding
When the question says 'if x + y + z = 0, find x^3 + y^3 + z^3', do not panic and expand. There is a direct identity. Similarly, many SSC expressions collapse to zero or a simple constant when you substitute smart values like x = 1 or x = 0. This trick alone saves 1-2 minutes per paper.
- If x + y + z = 0 then x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3xyz — memorise this unconditionally
- If the expression is symmetric in a, b, c — try a = b = c = 1 to get a feel for the answer
- Substituting x = 0 or x = 1 in complex expressions can quickly eliminate wrong options
- This trick works best in MCQ format — use it to verify your answer in 5 seconds
Key formulas
Zero sum cube identity
x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3xyz when x + y + z = 0
When: Any question where sum of three variables is zero
General cube sum
x^3 + y^3 + z^3 - 3xyz = (x+y+z)(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-zx)
When: When x+y+z is not zero and full expansion is needed
Worked example
If a + b + c = 0 and a^2 + b^2 + c^2 = 6, find a^3 + b^3 + c^3. Using identity: a^3+b^3+c^3 = 3abc. But we need abc. Use: (a+b+c)^2 = a^2+b^2+c^2+2(ab+bc+ca), so 0 = 6 + 2(ab+bc+ca), ab+bc+ca = -3. Now a^3+b^3+c^3 - 3abc = 0, so a^3+b^3+c^3 = 3abc. We still need abc separately — this shows not all questions resolve in one step. Read carefully.
⚠ Common mistakes to avoid
- Confusing (a+b)^3 = a^3 + b^3 + 3ab(a+b) with (a+b)^2 — students mix up the cube and square expansions under time pressure
- For x - 1/x type, using the formula for x + 1/x instead — the sign on the +2 vs -2 inside changes everything
- In simultaneous equations, making arithmetic errors when multiplying to equalise coefficients — double check the multiplied row
- Forgetting that x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3xyz only holds when x + y + z = 0 — applying it blindly when the sum is not zero
- Not simplifying before computing — students expand large expressions instead of factoring first, wasting 2-3 minutes
🧠 Memory aids
- Staircase for x+1/x: Square step = square minus 2, Cube step = cube minus 3 times original. Easy rule: the number in 'minus' matches the power.
- ZERO SUM THREE CUBES: If they add to Zero, the cubes give Three times product. Remember 0-3-3.
- For (a+b) vs (a-b) identities: Plus gives minus 2ab inside the squares, Minus gives plus 2ab. They are opposites — just flip the sign of 2ab.
- a^2 - b^2 mnemonic: SUM times DIFFERENCE. Always split a squared minus b squared into (a+b)(a-b) — never leave it as is.
🎯 SSC CHSL exam tips
- SSC CHSL typically has 3 to 5 algebra questions out of 25 Maths questions. Most are identity-based or x+1/x type — pure formula recall, not derivation.
- Questions are usually medium difficulty — they do not test advanced polynomial theory. If a question looks very hard, look for a substitution shortcut or identity match first.
- At least one question per paper involves x+y+z=0 and x^3+y^3+z^3 — this is nearly guaranteed based on past papers. Memorise that identity for free marks.
- In MCQ format, use substitution of x=1 or x=0 to verify answers in 5 seconds. This works especially for simplification questions with variable expressions.
- Target time: 40 to 50 seconds per algebra question. If you spend more than 60 seconds, mark and move — return if time permits. Identity questions must be instant.
Q1 · medium · PYQ 2020
If x + y + z = 10, x³ + y³ + z³ = 75 and xyz = 15, then find the value of x² + y² + z² − xy − yz − zx.
- 6
- 5
- 3
- 4
Q2 · medium · PYQ 2023
If x + 1/x = 7, then the value of x² + 1/x² is:
- 47
- 51
- 5
- 49
Q3 · medium · PYQ 2023
What is the value of [(a+b)² – (a–b)²] / ab?
- 8
- 2
- 1
- 4
Q4 · medium · PYQ 2024
When x is added to each of the numbers 7, 11, 18 and 23, then the number so obtained are in proportion. What is the mean proportional between the (x − 1) and (2x − 10)?
- 68
- 98
- 78
- 48
Q5 · medium · PYQ 2024
The graphs of two linear equations, x + 2y = 15 and 4x + 8y = 13 will be:
- coincident
- parallel
- intersecting at one point
- intersecting at two points