With reference to the above passage (on raw material consumption), the following assumptions have been made: 1. Vehicle factories are examples of circular economy. 2. Economic growth is consistent with circular use of mineral resources. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?

Assumption I is not valid — the passage does not say vehicle factories themselves are examples of a circular economy; it only suggests batteries should be recycled back at factories. Assumption II is valid because the passage implicitly supports the idea that reusing materials (circular economy) is sensible given resource constraints, and aligns with continued (sustainable) economic activity. Therefore only assumption II is valid.