Based on the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: 1. For effective school education, parents have greater role than the governments. 2. School curriculum that conforms to today's requirements and is uniform for the entire country may address the issues brought out. Which of the assumptions given above is/are valid?

The passage describes problems faced by school children in India — poor reading and arithmetic abilities, mismatch between curricular expectations and actual competencies. It does not compare the role of parents versus governments, so assumption 1 is not valid. The passage also does not suggest that a uniform national curriculum will solve these problems; in fact it mentions curricular expectations of class 8 as already too high relative to abilities. So assumption 2 is also not valid. Hence neither assumption is valid.